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Different parts of Trichosanthes kirilowii can all be used as medicines, including the fruits (Trichosanthis Fructus), pericarps (Trichosanthis Pericarpium), seeds (Trichosanthis Semen) and roots (Trichosanthis Radix). Modern research has confirmed that the main active ingredients of Trichosanthis Pericarpium are flavonoids and amino acids; Trichosanthis Semen mainly contains terpenoids and sterols; Trichosanthis Radix mainly contains protein, steroids and polysaccharides. And the pharmacological effects of various medicinal parts are also different. This paper summarizes the traditional efficacy, chemical composition and modern pharmacological effects of different medicinal parts of T. kirilowii, analyzes the relationship between them, so as to analyze and predict the quality marker of T. kirilowii.
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Objective: To analyze the rules of coronary heart disease syndrome differentiation based on the data mining technology. Methods: First of all, the famous medical records and prescriptions were collected and normalized to construct the database of coronary heart disease prescriptions. Then, IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0, a statistical software, was used to conduct statistics on the distribution of drug frequency, disease site syndrome frequency and disease syndrome frequency. Finally, the Apriori algorithm was applied to carry out data mining and analyze the underlying law of drug compatibility. Results: A total of 145 prescriptions were selected and analyzed, including 216 Chinese medicines, eight syndromes of disease location and 12 syndromes of disease nature. Forty-six herbs with higher frequency were found, and the top five TCM herbs were Salvia miltiorrhiza, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Trichosanthes kirilowii, Pinellia ternata and Ligusticum chuanxiong. The main syndromes of disease location were heart, kidney, spleen and liver, while the main syndromes of disease nature were blood stasis, qi deficiency, phlegm, deficiency of yang, qi stagnation, and deficiency of yin. When the minimum support was 15% and the minimum confidence coefficient was 70%, the association rule analysis results showed that a total of 15 association rules for two-herb-combinations and 26 association rules for the trigeminy medications were obtained. The most frequency two-herb-combinations were Allium macrostemon→T. kirilowii", "Schisandra chinensis→Ophiopogon japonicus", "Curcumae Radix→S. miltiorrhiza. The most frequently used trigeminy medications were A. macrostemon + P. ternata→T. kirilowii, S. miltiorrhiza + A. macrostemon→T. kirilowii and A. macrostemon + G. uralensis→T. kirilowii. Conclusion: The syndrome differentiation and medication of TCM in the treatment of coronary heart disease mainly focus on invigorating the circulation of blood and resolving stasis, moving qi, nourishing and replenishing qi, clearing up phlegms. It is consistent with the main syndromes of the disease nature, such as blood stasis and qi deficiency, and the herbs mostly return to the heart meridian, which is consistent with the main syndromes of the disease location. The rules of syndrome differentiation and medication of based on the data mining technique have great value for clinical medication guidance and application to analyze the prescription for coronary heart disease.
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Objective: To investigate the chemical constituents from the flesh of Trichosanthes kirilowii. Methods: The chemical constituents from n-butanol fraction of 95% ethanol extract of the flesh of T. kirilowii were separated by silica gel and ODS chromatogram columns as well as preparative HPLC. On the basis of NMR and MS data analysis, their structures were elucidated. Results: Twenty-six compounds were isolated from 95% ethanol extract of T. kirilowii, of which six organic esters were ethyl laurate (1), dibutyl phthalate (2), diethyl ethaneioate (3), dibutyl-2-malate (4), 6,10,14,18-tetramethyl-2-ethyl-7-ene-3-hydroxyl-ninecanol- 1-butyl ester (5), drechslerol-B (6), nine organic acids and phenolic acids were p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (7), salicylic acid (8), vanillic acid (9), isovanillic acid (10), protocatechuate (11), trans-cinnamic acid (12), p-hydroxycinnamic acid (13), trans-ferulic acid (14), and lauric acid (15), eight flavonoids were diosmetin (16), apigenin (17), chrysoeriol (18), luteolin (19), 4’-hydroxyscutellarin (20), quercetin (21), diosmetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (22), chrysoeriol-7-O-β-D-glucoside (23), two aldehydes were 5-acetoxymethyl- 2-furaldehyde (24), 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (25) and one cycloaltinol compounds was cyclotucanol 3-palmitate (26). Conclusion: All compounds except compound 10 are isolated from the Trichosanthes genus for the first time.
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Objective To reveal the genetic diversity of cultivating resources of Trichosanthes sp. from different areas. Methods The genetic background of 11 populations (including 30 samples) of Trichosanthis Fructus were researched by both ITS and SRAP molecular markers. The software mega 5.0 and NTSY-pc 2.1 were taken to analysis the ITS sequences and SRAP polymorphic bands data respectively. Results There are obvious mutation in ITS sequences among T. kirilowii and T. rosthornii, ITS sequences could authenticate the different resources in some extent. 165 SRAP bands were amplified by using the optimized 15 primer pairs, and 136 were polymorphic bands, the polymorphic rate was up to 82.4%. The samples were separated into two clusters at the genetic similarity coefficient of 0.18, one cluster gathered the samples of Yuelou Num.8 (T. kirilowii) and the other cluster further separated into three sub-clusters at the coefficient of 0.90, which were mainly T. rosthornii. Conclusion There are several species of Trichosanthes have been used to harvest the seeds in China, and the major one is T. rosthornii. The cultivating resources of T. rosthornii have little difference in genetic backgrounds.
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Objective: To study the flavonoids of the stems and leaves of male Trichosanthes kirilowii and to make a primary research on the structure activity relationship between flavonoids and their DPPH-scavenging capacity. Methods: Flavonoids from the stems and leaves of male T. kirilowii were separated by chromatographic techniques, such as polyamide resin, high-speed countercurrent chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. According to the chemical properties and spectral analysis, the chemical structures of the compounds were identified. And we determined the antioxidant ability in vitro of seven flavonoids by DPPH methods. Results: Seven flavonoids were isolated from the stems and leaves of male T. kirilowii. They were luteolin (1), chrysoeriol (2), luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (3), chrysoeriol-7-O-β-D-glucoside (4), apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (5), diosmetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (6), and quercetin-3-O-β-glucoside (7). Under the present experimental condition, the order of their DPPH-scavenging capacities was 1 > 3 > 7 > 2 > 4> 6 > 5. Conclusion: Compounds 1, 2, 6, and 7 are isolated from this part of male T. kirilowii for the first time. DPPH-scavenging capacities of the compounds 1, 3, and 7 are much stronger than others, but they all have 3',4' two adjacent hydroxide groups in B ring on the view of structure. DPPH-scavenging capacities of compounds 4 and 6 are much weaker than compound 3, but the former have 3' or 4' hydroxyl methylation in the structure. DPPH-scavenging capacity will also decrease if there is a 7 hydroxyl glycosylation in ring A by comparing compound 1 and 3. We speculate that it is caused by the increase of the steric hindrance.
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Objective To compare the contents of guanosine and adenine in peels of three strains of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.;To provide references for germplasm resources evaluation and breeding of the Chinese medicinal materials. Methods HPLC method was used to determine the contents of guanosine and adenine with Waters AtlantisT3-C18 column (4.6 mm×150.0 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase was methanol and water, and the detection wavelength was 254 nm. Results The contents of guanosinein in peels of three strains of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. were 0.159 4, 0.159 6, 0.134 1 mg/g, respectively;the contents of adenine were 0.097 1, 0.127 9, 0.093 4 mg/g, respectively. Conclusion There were significient differences in the contents of adenine among three strains of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.. Strain Ⅱ is with higher level of guanosine and adenine, which implies that the breeding of the Chinese medicinal materals is one way to improve the quality of Trichosanthis Exocarpium.
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Objective: To analyze the quality of medicinal parts of Trichosanthes kirilowii from different populations and to establish a new method to evaluate the medicinal material quality. Methods: Contents of protein, flavonoids, and polysaccharide were analyzed by AA3 Continuous Flow, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, and sulfuric acid-phenol. The 3, 29-dibenzoyl rarounitriol (3, 29-DR) content in Trichosanthis Semen and the cucurbitacin bcontent in Trichosanthis Radix were determined by RP-HPLC. In addition, the quality of medicinal materials was evaluated by the principal components analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. Results: The quality of Trichosanthis Semen was the best in T. kirilowii from Henan Anyang-Liyuan with highest contents of 3, 29-DR and protein; Shanxi Jiang County T. kirilowii can be better used as Trichosanthis Pericarpium with higher contents of protein and polysaccharide; T. kirilowii from Anhui Yuexi-Heidapian could be regarded as Trichosanthis Radix for cultivating, because of higher protein content, lower starch content, and medium cucurbitacin bcontent. Conclusion: The PCA and cluster analysis are effective in evaluating the medicinal material quality. The newly established model will bring the significant benefits for evaluating the quality of T. kirilowii.
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Objective:To compare the content of amino acid in female and male plants of Trichosanthes kirilowii. Methods:Total protein was hydrolyzed by hydrochloric acid, and then determined by HPLC. Results:The percentage of amino acid in female and male plants of Trichosanthes kirilowii was 7. 35% and 7. 04%, respectively. Conclusion:The method provides a new idea for the determi-nation of amino acid in the root of Trichosanthes kirilowii. The total amino acid content in the root of male plants is lower than that of fe-male plants, while the content of alkaline amino acid is opposite. The content of histidine in male plants is about twice as much as that in female plants. The essential amino acid content has no significant difference.
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Background: We previously evaluated the biochemical changes induced by the local product TCM for diabetes (TCM-D™) on blood glucose levels and other biochemical changes in normal mice fed orally with the recommended human dose (30 ml/kg daily) and ten times this dose for eight weeks. TCM-D™ is an aqueous extract of the roots of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim, Paeonia lactiflora Pall, Glycyrrhiza uranlensis Fisch. and Panax ginseng Meyer (red) combined at the dry weight proportions of 36%, 28%, 18% and 18% respectively. The study showed that at these dosages the blood glucose levels as well as the body weights in treated mice were significantly reduced when compared with pretreatment values and control animals. The present study evaluated the effect of the extract in a mouse model of Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Methods: TCM-D™ extract was prepared as a 10x concentrate and given orally at 0.3 ml/100 g and 1.5 ml/100 g to mice which were experimentally induced diabetic with intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin (5 mg/100g) in sodium citrate (pH 4.5). Control diabetic mice were dosed with extract diluent (distilled water). Results: At the doses studied the compound did not show any significant lowering of the glucose levels in a mouse model of Type 1 diabetes. There were significant increases in the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatinine levels which were most likely due to the treatment with the compound. There were no significant changes in the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and blood urea levels due to the treatment. Neither was there any significant effect on the weight of the treated animals due to the treatment. Conclusions: It is concluded that TCM-D™ did not have any significant blood glucose lowering effect on streptozotocin induced diabetic mice when fed orally at 1-5 times the recommended human dose. Further work is needed to determine if the extract has any significant effect in a mouse model with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Background: A number of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) preparations are being used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Some components of these preparations have biochemical effects other than those of lowering blood glucose and indeed have been used for other medical indications in traditional practice. The primary objective of the study was to determine the effect of the oral mixture of Traditional Chinese Medicine for diabetes (TCM-D™ complex) on blood glucose level and the biochemical changes if any, on the liver (ALT, AST, gamma-GT, albumin, globulin) and renal (blood creatinine, urea) functions in normal mice. The oral mixture is an aqueous extract of four wellknown traditional Chinese medicinal herbs and consists of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim., Paeonia lactiflora Pall.,Glycyrrhiza uranlensis Fisch., and Panax ginseng (red) CA Meyer in the proportion of 36%, 28%, 18%, and 18% respectively of the dry weight. These herbs have been shown to have blood glucose lowering activity and have been used for other traditional medicinal purposes. The safety of the combination was evaluated in the present study. Methods: Experimental Balb/c mice were treated orally via gastric tube with the extract at daily doses equivalent to 1 and 10 times the recommended human dose for 8 weeks. Blood glucose and other biochemical profiles were monitored at pre-treatment and monthly posttreatment until killed. Results: When compared to pre-treatment levels, the blood glucose levels were significantly lower in treated animals compared to those in the control group. At the recommended TCM-D™ dose the levels in treated animals were significantly lower than that of control animals and at pre-treatment. When compared with pre-treatment, the glucose levels were lowest at Week 8 of treatment, the mean levels being 111.23%, 83.32% and 70.33% in control, and in animals given 1 x and 10 x the recommended TCM-D™ dosage respectively. The blood glucose lowering effect was also associated with a significant weight loss in treated animals. There were transient increases in AST and ALT levels but these reverted to normal at Week 8 of treatment. The levels of bilirubin, g-GT, albumin, creatinine and blood urea were also not significantly different at Week 8 from pre-treatment levels in all groups. Conclusion: Even at 10 times the dosage recommended for humans, TCM-D™ did not affect the liver and renal functions of treated animals. Treated and control animals remained healthy and normal throughout the period of observation.
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OBJECTIVE: To compare the characteristics of the pepos and seeds of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim, of different strains in Changqing district, Jinan, Shandong province, and to discuss the correlation among the characteristics, thus to provide references for germplasm resources evaluation and breeding of the Chinese medicinal materials. METHODS: The external indexes reflecting the characteristics of the pepos and seeds were observed and measured. The data were analyzed by SPSS 17 statistical software. RESULTS: The external indexes of three strains differed significantly. The observed and measured data of the pepo-weight, peel-weight and seed weight of single fruit were the highest for strain II, which indicated that it was an excellent strain. The coefficients of variation of the indexes of different strains were different, with 92.70% between strains and 7.30% within strains. The correlation among the characteristics displayed that when the fruit was larger, the total weight of the pepo, peel and seeds of a single fruit was higher. CONCLUSION: The research provides references for germplasm resources evaluation and breeding of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.
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Objective: In order to provide the foundation for the genetics and breeding of Trichosanthes kirilowii, the genetic diversity of T. kirilowii was analyzed. Methods: Studies on polymorphism and cluster on 34 T. kirilowii materials from different growing areas were done by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR). Results: The genetic polymorphism of T. kirilowii was up to 90% from different growing areas. According to the results of ISSR culster, the materials of T. kirilowii were divided into three classes: food seed, edible and medicinal, and wild types. Conclusion: There is higher genetic polymorphism among T. kirilowii materials, and no correlation to the growing areas.
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OBJECTIVE：The relative content of trichosanthin (TCS) of the calli induced from the leaves of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. was measured and a comparison between the calli and the root was made. METHODS：TCS was obtained by the fractional precipitate with acetone from the homogenate of the root or the calli. To examine and measure TCS, several methods, such as immuno-precipitation reaction, SDS-PAGE and electrophoregram scanning, were usde. RESULTS：The results of immuno-precipitation reaction and SDS-PAGE showde that TCS existed in the calli and in the root of T.kirilowii Maxim.. It was found that TCS was the richest component in the acetone precipitated crude extract of the calli with a relative content of 44.22% TCS in the extract, though the absolute content of TCS in the calli was less than that in the root. CONCLUSION:Extracting TCS from the calli derived from leaves has not been reported previously. The absolute content of TCS in the root is 2.66 times more than that in the calli.
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Objective To analyze the different composition and contents of inclusion in female and male Trichosanthes kirilowii individuals and to provide some references for the early sex identification.Methods Physiological and biochemical indices in T.kirilowii leaves were determined and significant analysis of the difference was performed.The difference of chemical composition was analyzed using HPLC.Results The contents of photosynthetic pigments and soluble proteins,the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(POD),and the DNA concentration were higher in male individuals than those in female ones.The difference in photosynthetic pigments content and POD activity reached a significant level.The female individuals possessed higher contents of malondiadehycle(MDA),soluble saccharide,and UV-absorbing compounds than those in male ones,and the difference in UV-absorbing compounds reached a significant level.HPLC Assay revealed obvious differences in the peaking frequency,time,and the peak height.Conclusion There are differences in the composition and contents of inclusions in male and female T.kirilowii individuals,and the UV-absorbing compounds and the characteristic HPLC peak could potentially be as indices of sex identification.
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Objective To explore the genetic diversity and relationship of different cultivars of the fruits of Trichosantheis kirilowii, and determine them in molecular level. Methods Different fram cultivars and fruits in wild plant of T. kirilowii from Shandong Province and T. hupehensis were detected by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers with 25 randomized primers. The Jaccard coefficient was worked out by using NTSYS-pc software, and a cluster dendrogram of different samples was established based on unweighed pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA). Results The 25 selected primers produced 266 bands among which 232 bands (87.2%) were polymorphic. In the cluster dendrogram, T. hupehensis was far from the different cultivars and fruits in wild plant of T. kirilowii, but there was closer genetic relationship between Niuxin Gualou and Ren Gualou, Da Gualou, and Baleng Gualou, as well as Xiao Guang-dan Gualou and wild sample. Conclusion RAPD Markers can be used to standardize, arrange, and determine farm cultivars of fruits of T. kirilowii in molecular level, and indicate the genetic relationship and background, then provide important information for seed breeding and resourse protection of T. kirilowii.